Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) para Crohn's Disease
C Evidências Evidência limitada de estudos de pequena dimensão, mas existem alguns sinais positivos.Oral butyrate (4 g/day for 8 weeks) improved CDAI scores in open-label study. Controlled evidence still limited.
<\/script>\n`;
},
get iframeSnippet() {
const domain = 'gutcited.com';
const params = 'ingredient\u003Dbutyrate\u0026condition\u003Dibd\u002Dcrohns\u002Ddisease';
return ``;
},
get activeSnippet() {
return this.method === 'script' ? this.scriptSnippet : this.iframeSnippet;
},
copySnippet() {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.activeSnippet).then(() => {
this.copied = true;
setTimeout(() => { this.copied = false; }, 2000);
});
}
}"
@keydown.escape.window="open = false"
@click.outside="open = false">
C
Conclusão
Oral butyrate (4 g/day for 8 weeks) improved CDAI scores in open-label study. Controlled evidence still limited.
Key Study Findings
Randomized Controlled Trial
n=140
Double-blind
Impact of oral butyrate on clinical and biochemical parameters in IBD: A randomized placebo-controlled study …
Dose: None
vs: placebo plus conventional therapy
Outcome: clinical disease activity and fecal calprotectin
Efeito: None
p=0.013
População: IBD patients (60 Crohn's disease, 80 ulcerative colitis)
In Vitro
Sodium butyrate alleviates DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting ferroptosis and modulating ERK/STAT3 signaling and …
Dose: Low-dose and high-dose NaB
vs: DSS-induced IBD mice; 5-ASA control
Outcome: IBD symptom alleviation and ferroptosis inhibition
Efeito: None
None
População: DSS-induced IBD murine model
In Vitro
Effects of Lactobacillus paracei JY062 Postbiotic on Intestinal Barrier, Immunity, and Gut Microbiota.
Dose: 5 mg/mL
vs: LPS-treated cell models
Outcome: Intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota
Efeito: None
None
População: Caco-2 cells, RAW264.7 macrophages, fecal fermentation
Other
Association of Inflammatory Factors and Calcium Metabolism With Arthritis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: …
Dose: None
vs: None
Outcome: Causal associations IBD → arthritis subtypes (MR)
Efeito: OR=1.21 (IBD→AS); OR=1.18 (IBD→PsA)
<0.001 (AS); 0.007 (PsA)
População: Mendelian randomization study of IBD and arthritis
Observational Study
n=212
Microbiome multi-omics analysis reveals novel biomarkers and mechanisms linked with CD etiopathology.
Dose: None
vs: Healthy controls
Outcome: CD-specific microbiome signatures (AUC 0.94)
Efeito: AUC 0.94 in external validation
None
População: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients
In Vitro
Effects of senotherapeutics on gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease: A pilot …
Dose: None
vs: Untreated Crohn's disease microbiota
Outcome: Gut microbiome modulation and inflammation
Efeito: None
None
População: Crohn's disease fecal microbiota in SHIME model
Key Statistics
2
Estudos
200
Participantes
↑
Positive
C
Nota
Referenced Papers
Digestive and liver …
2026
5 citações
Annals of medicine
2025
12 citações
Nutrients
2025
7 citações
Biomarker research
2025
6 citações
Translational research : …
2025
4 citações
Langenbeck's archives of …
2025
3 citações
Mediators of inflammation
2025
2 citações
BioFactors (Oxford, England)
2025
Frontiers in bioscience …
2025
ACS nano
2024
89 citações
Gut microbes
2024
32 citações
Gut microbiota and metabolites as predictors of biologics response in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive systematic review.
Systematic Review
Microbiological research
2024
31 citações
International immunopharmacology
2024
17 citações
The American journal …
2024
11 citações
Cellular and molecular …
2024
10 citações
Poultry science
2024
9 citações
Inflammatory bowel diseases
2024
5 citações
Nutrients
2024
3 citações
Journal of animal …
2024
Nutrients
2023
162 citações
Digestion
2023
71 citações
Gut microbes
2023
29 citações
Microbiome
2023
28 citações
Lipids in health …
2023
7 citações
Gut microbes
2022
107 citações
Gut microbes
2022
60 citações
Nutrients
2022
54 citações
Journal of Crohn's …
2022
23 citações
Inflammatory bowel diseases
2022
21 citações
PloS one
2022
9 citações
International journal of …
2021
17 citações
Neurogastroenterology and motility
2020
176 citações
Journal of Crohn's …
2020
50 citações
Gut microbes
2020
32 citações
Frontiers in immunology
2019
3034 citações
Gastroenterology
2019
276 citações
Scientific reports
2019
124 citações
Terapevticheskii arkhiv
2019
50 citações
World journal of …
2019
45 citações
Current opinion in …
2019
5 citações
Current pharmaceutical design
2018
108 citações
Journal of Crohn's …
2018
91 citações
PLoS computational biology
2018
29 citações
Journal of animal …
2018
15 citações
Cell host & …
2017
399 citações
Scientific reports
2017
391 citações
Gastroenterology
2017
335 citações
Best practice & …
2017
14 citações
Innate immunity
2017
13 citações
Digestion
2016
522 citações
Journal of gastroenterology
2016
49 citações
Recent advances in characterizing the gastrointestinal microbiome in Crohn's disease: a systematic review.
Systematic Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases
2015
222 citações
Proceedings of the …
2014
1853 citações
Gut
2014
1657 citações
Gut
2013
311 citações
Polish journal of …
2013
PloS one
2012
108 citações
Dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with Crohn's disease and their unaffected relatives.
Other
Gut
2011
1055 citações
Alimentary pharmacology & …
2005
227 citações
Alimentary pharmacology & …
2003
179 citações
Current opinion in …
2001
45 citações
Current opinion in …
2001
38 citações
Gut
2000
370 citações
Current opinion in …
2000
21 citações
Diseases of the …
1998
26 citações
The Journal of …
1994
29 citações
Digestive diseases (Basel, …
1993
29 citações
Dosage & Usage
mg = milligrams · mcg = micrograms (1,000× smaller) · IU = International Units
Dosagens Comumente Utilizadas
- general:
- 150-600 mg/day sodium or calcium butyrate
- ibdsupport:
- 300-600 mg three times daily (900-1,800 mg/day)
- butyrateenema:
- 100 mM butyrate enema for distal UC (clinical setting only)
Limite superior: No established upper limit for oral supplements; most studies use 600-4,000 mg/day
Dosagens Estudadas em Pesquisas
| Dosagem | Duração | Efeito | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | -- | Positive | 140 |
| Low-dose and high-dose NaB | -- | Positive | -- |
| 5 mg/mL | -- | Positive | -- |
| None | -- | Positive | -- |
| None | -- | Positive | 212 |
| None | -- | Positive | -- |
| None | -- | Negative | -- |
| None | -- | Mixed | -- |
Melhor horário: With meals; enteric-coated formulations recommended to reach the colon
Safety & Side Effects
Efeitos Colaterais Relatados
- ⚠ Unpleasant taste/odor (butyric acid has a strong rancid butter smell)
- ⚠ Mild GI discomfort (nausea, bloating)
- ⚠ Belching with butyric acid odor
- ⚠ Enteric-coated formulations reduce taste issues
Interações Conhecidas
- ● 5-ASA medications (mesalamine) — additive anti-inflammatory effect (potentially beneficial in IBD)
- ● No significant adverse drug interactions known
Ingestão máxima tolerável: No established upper limit for oral supplements; most studies use 600-4,000 mg/day
Consulte sempre o seu profissional de saúde antes de iniciar qualquer suplemento.Sempre consulte seu profissional de saúde antes de iniciar qualquer suplemento.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) help with Crohn's Disease?
Based on 2 studies with 200 participants, there is limited but promising evidence that Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) may support Crohn's Disease management. Our evidence grade is C (Some Evidence).
How much Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) should I take for Crohn's Disease?
Studies have used various dosages. A commonly studied range is 150-600 mg/day sodium or calcium butyrate. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.
Are there side effects of Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate)?
Reported side effects may include Unpleasant taste/odor (butyric acid has a strong rancid butter smell), Mild GI discomfort (nausea, bloating), Belching with butyric acid odor, Enteric-coated formulations reduce taste issues. Most side effects are mild and dose-dependent. Consult your doctor if you experience any adverse reactions.
How strong is the evidence for Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) and Crohn's Disease?
We rate the evidence as Grade C (Some Evidence). This rating is based on 2 peer-reviewed studies with 200 total participants. The overall direction of effect is positive.
Related Evidence
Outros ingredientes para Crohn's Disease
Butyrate (Sodium/Calcium Butyrate) para outras condições
References
- [1] Sonia Facchin et al.. Dig Liver Dis. 2026. Impact of oral butyrate on clinical and biochemical parameters in IBD: A randomized placebo-controlled study targeting gut microbiota. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2025.11.014 PubMed
- [2] Yingyin Liu et al.. Ann Med. 2025. Sodium butyrate alleviates DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting ferroptosis and modulating ERK/STAT3 signaling and intestinal flora. doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2470958 PubMed
- [3] Jinfeng Guo et al.. Nutrients. 2025. Effects of Lactobacillus paracei JY062 Postbiotic on Intestinal Barrier, Immunity, and Gut Microbiota. doi:10.3390/nu17071272 PubMed
- [4] Gerard Serrano-Gómez et al.. Biomark Res. 2025. Microbiome multi-omics analysis reveals novel biomarkers and mechanisms linked with CD etiopathology. doi:10.1186/s40364-025-00802-1 PubMed
- [5] Nannapat Sangfuang et al.. Transl Res. 2025. Effects of senotherapeutics on gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease: A pilot study. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2025.02.004 PubMed
- [6] Devansh Shah et al.. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2025. Is the microbiome the answer to inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review. doi:10.1007/s00423-025-03897-0 PubMed
- [7] Sinan Xiao et al.. Mediators Inflamm. 2025. Association of Inflammatory Factors and Calcium Metabolism With Arthritis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Evidence From Mediated Mendelian Randomization. doi:10.1155/mi/1675577 PubMed
- [8] Shiting Chen et al.. Biofactors. 2025. Gut Microbial Metabolite Crosstalk in Crohn's Disease: Network Pharmacology Unveils Dual-Axis Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. doi:10.1002/biof.70038 PubMed
- [9] Yongcheng Jiang et al.. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2025. Lactobacillus reuteri E9 Regulates Sleep Disorders Through Its Metabolite GABA. doi:10.31083/FBL39587 PubMed
- [10] Xi Fan et al.. ACS Nano. 2024. An Engineered Butyrate-Derived Polymer Nanoplatform as a Mucosa-Healing Enhancer Potentiates the Therapeutic Effect of Magnolol in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c05732 PubMed
- [11] Achuthan Ambat et al.. Gut Microbes. 2024. Enhancing recovery from gut microbiome dysbiosis and alleviating DSS-induced colitis in mice with a consortium of rare short-chain fatty acid-producing … doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2382324 PubMed
- [12] Chen Wang et al.. Microbiol Res. 2024. Gut microbiota and metabolites as predictors of biologics response in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive systematic review. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2024.127660 PubMed
- [13] Xiaofang Xu et al.. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024. Butyrate attenuates intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease by suppressing pyroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells via the cGSA-STING-NLRP3 axis. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113305 PubMed
- [14] Ben Nichols et al.. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024. Gut metabolome and microbiota signatures predict response to treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition in a prospective study in children with … doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.027 PubMed
- [15] James D Lewis et al.. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024. Surgery for Crohn's Disease Is Associated With a Dysbiotic Microbiome and Metabolome: Results From Two Prospective Cohorts. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.005 PubMed
- [16] Guangtian Cao et al.. Poult Sci. 2024. Dietary Clostridium butyricum and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 modulate bone metabolism of broilers through the gut-brain axis. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103966 PubMed
- [17] Caroline Kerbiriou et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024. Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease With Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Diminishes the Immunostimulatory Potential of Fecal Microbial Products. doi:10.1093/ibd/izae124 PubMed
- [18] Elisabetta Cavalcanti et al.. Nutrients. 2024. Nutritional Management in Stricturing Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study. doi:10.3390/nu16234153 PubMed
- [19] Nadia Musco et al.. J Anim Sci. 2024. Cannabidiol can affect morphology, morphometry, enzymatic and microbial activity of rabbit digestive system. doi:10.1093/jas/skae376 PubMed
- [20] Neeraja Recharla et al.. Nutrients. 2023. Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review. doi:10.3390/nu15102275 PubMed
- [21] Akira Andoh et al.. Digestion. 2023. Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. doi:10.1159/000525925 PubMed
- [22] Samira A Hamed et al.. Gut Microbes. 2023. Butyrate reduces adherent-invasive E. coli-evoked disruption of epithelial mitochondrial morphology and barrier function: involvement of free fatty acid receptor 3. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2281011 PubMed
- [23] Kibrom M Alula et al.. Microbiome. 2023. Interplay of gut microbiota and host epithelial mitochondrial dysfunction is necessary for the development of spontaneous intestinal inflammation in mice. doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01686-9 PubMed
- [24] Hauke Christian Tews et al.. Lipids Health Dis. 2023. Fecal short chain fatty acids and urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate do not discriminate between patients with Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis … doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01929-6 PubMed
- [25] Ali Nabavi-Rad et al.. Gut Microbes. 2022. The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management. doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2108655 PubMed
- [26] Hana Čipčić Paljetak et al.. Gut Microbes. 2022. Gut microbiota in mucosa and feces of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve adult inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome patients. doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2083419 PubMed
- [27] Anna Pietrzak et al.. Nutrients. 2022. Sodium Butyrate Effectiveness in Children and Adolescents with Newly Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial. doi:10.3390/nu14163283 PubMed
- [28] Shijia Hu et al.. J Crohns Colitis. 2022. Oral Microbiome of Crohn's Disease Patients With and Without Oral Manifestations. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac063 PubMed
- [29] Ingrid Jurickova et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022. Eicosatetraynoic Acid and Butyrate Regulate Human Intestinal Organoid Mitochondrial and Extracellular Matrix Pathways Implicated in Crohn's Disease Strictures. doi:10.1093/ibd/izac037 PubMed
- [30] Satu Wedenoja et al.. PLoS One. 2022. Fecal microbiota in congenital chloride diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269561 PubMed
- [31] Jae-Yun Lee et al.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2021. Anaerostipes hominis sp. nov., a novel butyrate-producing bacteria isolated from faeces of a patient with Crohn's disease. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005129 PubMed
- [32] Sonia Facchin et al.. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020. Microbiota changes induced by microencapsulated sodium butyrate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1111/nmo.13914 PubMed
- [33] Kathleen Machiels et al.. J Crohns Colitis. 2020. Early Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence in Crohn's Disease Is Characterised by Distinct Microbiota Recolonisation. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa081 PubMed
- [34] Amy L Hamilton et al.. Gut Microbes. 2020. Luminal microbiota related to Crohn's disease recurrence after surgery. doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1778262 PubMed
- [35] Daniela Parada Venegas et al.. Front Immunol. 2019. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277 PubMed
- [36] Vaios Svolos et al.. Gastroenterology. 2019. Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease With an Ordinary Food-based Diet That Replicates Exclusive Enteral Nutrition. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.002 PubMed
- [37] Kinga Kowalska-Duplaga et al.. Sci Rep. 2019. Differences in the intestinal microbiome of healthy children and patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55290-9 PubMed
- [38] N A Danilova et al.. Ter Arkh. 2019. Markers of dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. doi:10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000211 PubMed
- [39] Hilda Vargas-Robles et al.. World J Gastroenterol. 2019. Beneficial effects of nutritional supplements on intestinal epithelial barrier functions in experimental colitis models in vivo. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4181 PubMed
- [40] Ron Shaoul et al.. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2019. Nutritional regulators of intestinal inflammation. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000585 PubMed
- [41] João P B Silva et al.. Curr Pharm Des. 2018. Protective Mechanisms of Butyrate on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. doi:10.2174/1381612824666181001153605 PubMed
- [42] Emilio J Laserna-Mendieta et al.. J Crohns Colitis. 2018. Determinants of Reduced Genetic Capacity for Butyrate Synthesis by the Gut Microbiome in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx137 PubMed
- [43] Rajita Menon et al.. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018. Interactions between species introduce spurious associations in microbiome studies. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005939 PubMed
- [44] Zora Váradyová et al.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2018. Modulation of ruminal and intestinal fermentation by medicinal plants and zinc from different sources. doi:10.1111/jpn.12940 PubMed
- [45] Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan et al.. Cell Host Microbe. 2017. Gut Microbiome Function Predicts Response to Anti-integrin Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.010 PubMed
- [46] Annelies Geirnaert et al.. Sci Rep. 2017. Butyrate-producing bacteria supplemented in vitro to Crohn's disease patient microbiota increased butyrate production and enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11734-8 PubMed
- [47] James D Lewis et al.. Gastroenterology. 2017. Diet as a Trigger or Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.019 PubMed
- [48] Omid Jazayeri et al.. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017. Lifestyle alters GUT-bacteria function: Linking immune response and host. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.009 PubMed
- [49] Sudha B Singh et al.. Innate Immun. 2017. Autophagy counters LPS-mediated suppression of lysozyme. doi:10.1177/1753425917721630 PubMed
- [50] Kenichiro Takahashi et al.. Digestion. 2016. Reduced Abundance of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Species in the Fecal Microbial Community in Crohn's Disease. doi:10.1159/000441768 PubMed
- [51] Saurabh Kedia et al.. J Gastroenterol. 2016. Gut microbiome diversity in acute infective and chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases in North India. doi:10.1007/s00535-016-1193-1 PubMed
- [52] Emily K Wright et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015. Recent advances in characterizing the gastrointestinal microbiome in Crohn's disease: a systematic review. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000382 PubMed
- [53] Pamela V Chang et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014. The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322269111 PubMed
- [54] Kathleen Machiels et al.. Gut. 2014. A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304833 PubMed
- [55] Venessa Eeckhaut et al.. Gut. 2013. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303611 PubMed
- [56] Mirosława Gałecka et al.. Pol J Microbiol. 2013. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Crohn's disease - is there any connection? PubMed
- [57] Ilaria Russo et al.. PLoS One. 2012. Butyrate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in intestinal cells and Crohn's mucosa through modulation of antioxidant defense machinery. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032841 PubMed
- [58] Marie Joossens et al.. Gut. 2011. Dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with Crohn's disease and their unaffected relatives. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.223263 PubMed
- [59] A Di Sabatino et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005. Oral butyrate for mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02639.x PubMed
- [60] J Goh et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003. Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01482.x PubMed
- [61] M A Gassull et al.. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1097/00075197-200111000-00018 PubMed
- [62] E Cabré et al.. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: impact on disease and therapy. doi:10.1097/00001574-200107000-00008 PubMed
- [63] J P Segain et al.. Gut. 2000. Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFkappaB inhibition: implications for Crohn's disease. doi:10.1136/gut.47.3.397 PubMed
- [64] S C Ling et al.. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2000. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1097/00075197-200009000-00003 PubMed
- [65] M M Duffy et al.. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998. Mucosal metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. doi:10.1007/BF02237056 PubMed
- [66] W Frankel et al.. J Surg Res. 1994. Butyrate increases colonocyte protein synthesis in ulcerative colitis. doi:10.1006/jsre.1994.1133 PubMed
- [67] P D Reynolds et al.. Dig Dis. 1993. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease. doi:10.1159/000171425 PubMed
Aviso Legal da FDA: Estas declarações não foram avaliadas pela Food and Drug Administration. Os produtos e informações neste site não se destinam a diagnosticar, tratar, curar ou prevenir qualquer doença. As notas de evidência apresentadas são baseadas em nossa análise de pesquisas revisadas por pares publicadas e não constituem aconselhamento médico. Sempre consulte seu profissional de saúde antes de iniciar qualquer regime de suplementação.