Figure 1

NF-κB signaling pathway activation in intestinal cells is measured with and without butyrate pre-treatment following LPS challenge, demonstrating the short-chain fatty acid's inhibitory capacity.

Figure 3

Gene expression profiles for inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated intestinal cells are compared across varying butyrate concentrations, revealing a clear anti-inflammatory dose response.

Figure 4

Cell viability assays confirm that butyrate concentrations used in the inflammation experiments are non-cytotoxic, validating the specificity of observed anti-inflammatory effects.

Figure 5

Transepithelial electrical resistance measurements across intestinal cell monolayers demonstrate butyrate's capacity to maintain epithelial integrity during inflammatory challenge.

Figure 6

Western blot analysis of phosphorylated signaling proteins in LPS-treated intestinal cells shows reduced inflammatory cascade activation in the presence of butyrate.

Figure 7

Cytokine secretion profiles including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α are quantified in cell culture supernatants, with butyrate-treated cells showing significantly attenuated inflammatory responses.