Figure 3

16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota reveals that berberine modulates microbial community composition in high-fat diet-fed mice. Specific bacterial genera associated with colorectal cancer risk were reduced in berberine-treated animals.

Figure 4

Lysophosphatidic acid signaling pathway components are quantified in colonic tissue. Berberine treatment is associated with downregulation of key enzymes in this pathway, suggesting a mechanism for its anti-tumor effects.

Figure 6

Western blot analysis demonstrates changes in protein expression of key signaling molecules in the lysophosphatidic acid pathway following berberine treatment. Reduced phosphorylation of downstream targets indicates pathway inhibition.

Figure 7

Fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirm the role of gut microbiota in mediating berberine's anti-tumor effects. Mice receiving microbiota from berberine-treated donors showed reduced tumor development.

Figure 8

Correlation analysis between gut microbial abundance and lysophosphatidic acid levels identifies specific bacterial species linked to metabolite production. Berberine's microbiome modulation appears to reduce cancer-promoting metabolites.

Figure 9

Immune cell infiltration in colonic tumors is assessed across treatment groups. Berberine supplementation is associated with increased anti-tumor immune responses and reduced immunosuppressive cell populations.