Figure 5

Alpha diversity indices of fecal microbiota are plotted for treated versus placebo groups, indicating whether probiotic supplementation altered overall bacterial community richness.

Figure 7

A CONSORT flow chart traces patient screening and enrollment for this trial of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in lactose-intolerant individuals, detailing exclusions for organic diseases and final group assignments.

Figure 8

Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations are measured across treatment groups, reflecting metabolic activity changes in the gut microbiome following probiotic administration.

Figure 9

Individual patient trajectories for bloating severity, measured on a 0-100 mm visual analogue scale, are plotted at baseline and after 30 days for both the probiotic treatment and placebo groups.

Figure 10

Symptom improvement scores for lactose-intolerant patients receiving a combined Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus preparation are compared with placebo responses over the treatment period.

Figure 11

Relative proportions of bacterial phyla in fecal samples are compared between probiotic-treated and placebo groups, revealing shifts in gut microbiota composition following Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation.