**Figure 1.** Figure 1 Epithelial mechanisms of vitamin D: (1) increased VDR activity is shown to repress NF-κB-dependent epithelial apoptosis pathways in experimental colitis. (2) Claudin-2 (CL-2), a paracellular cation channel involved in barrier formation, seems to be affected by vitamin D, although the precise mechanism needs to be further revealed. An increased expression of CL-2 is observed in the inflamed intestine, which in turn is downregulated by treatment with

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Epithelial mechanisms of vitamin D in IBD, illustrating VDR-mediated NF-kB suppression, claudin-2 regulation at the paracellular barrier, and other pathways through which vitamin D influences intestinal inflammation.

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Clinical algorithm for vitamin D supplementation in IBD patients, showing dose calculation based on target 25(OH)D levels, escalation to weekly bolus if targets are unmet, and malabsorption workup considerations.

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Managing vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease.

Frontline gastroenterology (2019)

PMID: 31656565

DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101055

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![Figure 1: Epithelial mechanisms of vitamin D in IBD, illustrating VDR-mediated NF-kB suppression, claudin-2 regulation at the paracellular barrier, and other pathways through which vitamin D influences intestinal inflammation.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/31656565/73.png)

> Source: Ole Haagen Nielsen et al. "Managing vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease.." *Frontline gastroenterology*, 2019. PMID: [31656565](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31656565/)

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  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/31656565/73.png" alt="Epithelial mechanisms of vitamin D in IBD, illustrating VDR-mediated NF-kB suppression, claudin-2 regulation at the paracellular barrier, and other pathways through which vitamin D influences intestinal inflammation." />
  <figcaption>Figure 1. Epithelial mechanisms of vitamin D in IBD, illustrating VDR-mediated NF-kB suppression, claudin-2 regulation at the paracellular barrier, and other pathways through which vitamin D influences intestinal inflammation.<br>  Source: Ole Haagen Nielsen et al. "Managing vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease.." <em>Frontline gastroenterology</em>, 2019. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31656565/">31656565</a></figcaption>
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